DateTime

In the DateTime module, the main internal representation format is Resource<TM>, which stores the following date components:

• Year (12 bits).
• Month (4 bits).
• Day (5 bits).
• Hour (5 bits).
• Minute (6 bits).
• Second (6 bits).
• Microsecond (20 bits).
• TimezoneId (16 bits).
• DayOfYear (9 bits): Day since the beginning of the year.
• WeekOfYear (6 bits): Week since the beginning of the year, January 1 is always in week 1.
• WeekOfYearIso8601 (6 bits): Week of the year according to ISO 8601 (the first week is the one that includes January 4).
• DayOfWeek (3 bits): Day of the week.

If the timezone is not GMT, the components store the local time for the relevant timezone.

Split

Conversion from a primitive type to an internal representation. It's always successful on a non-empty input.

List of functions

• DateTime::Split(Date{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>
• DateTime::Split(Datetime{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>
• DateTime::Split(Timestamp{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>
• DateTime::Split(TzDate{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>
• DateTime::Split(TzDatetime{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>
• DateTime::Split(TzTimestamp{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>

Functions that accept Resource<TM> as input, can be called directly from the primitive date/time type. An implicit conversion will be made in this case by calling a relevant Split function.

Make...

Making a primitive type from an internal representation. It's always successful on a non-empty input.

List of functions

• DateTime::MakeDate(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Date
• DateTime::MakeDatetime(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Datetime
• DateTime::MakeTimestamp(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Timestamp
• DateTime::MakeTzDate(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> TzDate
• DateTime::MakeTzDatetime(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> TzDatetime
• DateTime::MakeTzTimestamp(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> TzTimestamp

Examples

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::Split(Datetime("2019-01-01T15:30:00Z"))),
      -- 2019-01-01T15:30:00.000000Z
    DateTime::MakeDate(Datetime("2019-01-01T15:30:00Z")),
      -- 2019-01-01
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::Split(TzDatetime("2019-01-01T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow"))),
      -- 2018-12-31T21:00:00Z (conversion to UTC)
    DateTime::MakeDate(TzDatetime("2019-01-01T12:00:00,GMT"))
      -- 2019-01-01 (Datetime -> Date with implicit Split)>

Get...

Extracting a component from an internal representation.

List of functions

• DateTime::GetYear(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint16
• DateTime::GetDayOfYear(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint16
• DateTime::GetMonth(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetMonthName(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> String
• DateTime::GetWeekOfYear(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetWeekOfYearIso8601(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetDayOfMonth(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetDayOfWeek(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetDayOfWeekName(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> String
• DateTime::GetHour(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetMinute(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetSecond(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint8
• DateTime::GetMillisecondOfSecond(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint32
• DateTime::GetMicrosecondOfSecond(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint32
• DateTime::GetTimezoneId(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint16
• DateTime::GetTimezoneName(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> String

Examples

$tm = DateTime::Split(TzDatetime("2019-01-09T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow"));

SELECT
    DateTime::GetDayOfMonth($tm) as Day, -- 9
    DateTime::GetMonthName($tm) as Month, -- "January"
    DateTime::GetYear($tm) as Year, -- 2019
    DateTime::GetTimezoneName($tm) as TzName, -- "Europe/Moscow"
    DateTime::GetDayOfWeekName($tm) as WeekDay; -- "Wednesday"

Update

Updating one or more components in the internal representation. Returns either an updated copy or NULL, if an update produces an invalid date or other inconsistencies.

List of functions

DateTime::Update( Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, [ Year:Uint16?, Month:Uint8?, Day:Uint8?, Hour:Uint8?, Minute:Uint8?, Second:Uint8?, Microsecond:Uint32?, Timezone:String? ]) -> Resource<TM>?

Examples

$tm = DateTime::Split(Timestamp("2019-01-01T01:02:03.456789Z"));

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::Update($tm, 2012)), -- 2012-01-01
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::Update($tm, 2000, 6, 6)), -- 2000-06-06
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::Update($tm, NULL, 2, 30)), -- NULL (February 30)
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::Update($tm, NULL, NULL, 31)), -- 2019-01-31T01:02:03Z
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::Update($tm, 15 as Hour, 30 as Minute)), -- 2019-01-01T15:30:03Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::Update($tm, 999999 as Microsecond)), -- 2019-01-01T01:02:03.999999Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::Update($tm, "Europe/Moscow" as Timezone)), -- 2018-12-31T22:02:03.456789Z (conversion to UTC)
    DateTime::MakeTzTimestamp(DateTime::Update($tm, "Europe/Moscow" as Timezone)); -- 2019-01-01T01:02:03.456789,Europe/Moscow

From...

Getting a Timestamp from the number of seconds/milliseconds/microseconds since the UTC epoch. When the Timestamp limits are exceeded, NULL is returned.

List of functions

• DateTime::FromSeconds(Uint32{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Timestamp
• DateTime::FromMilliseconds(Uint64{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Timestamp
• DateTime::FromMicroseconds(Uint64{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Timestamp

To...

Getting a number of seconds/milliseconds/microseconds since the UTC Epoch from a primitive type.

List of functions

• DateTime::ToSeconds(Date/DateTime/Timestamp/TzDate/TzDatetime/TzTimestamp{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint32
• DateTime::ToMilliseconds(Date/DateTime/Timestamp/TzDate/TzDatetime/TzTimestamp{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint64
• DateTime::ToMicroseconds(Date/DateTime/Timestamp/TzDate/TzDatetime/TzTimestamp{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Uint64

Examples

SELECT
    DateTime::FromSeconds(1546304523), -- 2019-01-01T01:02:03.000000Z
    DateTime::ToMicroseconds(Timestamp("2019-01-01T01:02:03.456789Z")); -- 1546304523456789

Interval...

Conversions between Interval and various time units.

List of functions

• DateTime::ToDays(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int16
• DateTime::ToHours(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int32
• DateTime::ToMinutes(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int32
• DateTime::ToSeconds(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int32
• DateTime::ToMilliseconds(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int64
• DateTime::ToMicroseconds(Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Int64
• DateTime::IntervalFromDays(Int16{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval
• DateTime::IntervalFromHours(Int32{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval
• DateTime::IntervalFromMinutes(Int32{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval
• DateTime::IntervalFromSeconds(Int32{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval
• DateTime::IntervalFromMilliseconds(Int64{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval
• DateTime::IntervalFromMicroseconds(Int64{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval

AddTimezone doesn't affect the output of ToSeconds() in any way, because ToSeconds() always returns GMT time.

You can also create an Interval from a string literal in the format ISO 8601.

Examples

SELECT
    DateTime::ToDays(Interval("PT3000M")), -- 2
    DateTime::IntervalFromSeconds(1000000), -- 11 days 13 hours 46 minutes 40 seconds
    DateTime::ToDays(cast('2018-01-01' as date) - cast('2017-12-31' as date)); --1

StartOf... / EndOf... / TimeOfDay

Get the start (end) of the period including the date/time. If the result is invalid, NULL is returned. If the timezone is different from GMT, then the period start (end) is in the specified time zone.

List of functions

• DateTime::StartOfYear(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOfYear(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::StartOfQuarter(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOfQuarter(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::StartOfMonth(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOfMonth(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::StartOfWeek(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOfWeek(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::StartOfDay(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOfDay(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::StartOf(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::EndOf(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, Interval{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?

The StartOf/EndOf functions are intended for grouping by an arbitrary period within a day. The result differs from the input value only by time components. A period exceeding one day is treated as a day (an equivalent of StartOfDay/EndOfDay). If a day doesn't include an integer number of periods, the number is rounded to the nearest time from the beginning of the day that is a multiple of the specified period. When the interval is zero, the output is same as the input. A negative interval is treated as a positive one.

The EndOf... functions are intended for obtaining the latest moment in the same period of time as the specified one.

The functions treat periods longer than one day in a different manner than the same-name functions in the old library. The time components are always reset to zero (this makes sense, because these functions are mainly used for grouping by the period). You can also specify a time period within a day:

• DateTime::TimeOfDay(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Interval

Examples

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::StartOfYear(Date("2019-06-06"))),
      -- 2019-01-01 (implicit Split here and below)
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::StartOfQuarter(Datetime("2019-06-06T01:02:03Z"))),
      -- 2019-04-01T00:00:00Z (time components are reset to zero)
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::StartOfMonth(Timestamp("2019-06-06T01:02:03.456789Z"))),
      -- 2019-06-01
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::StartOfWeek(Date("1970-01-01"))),
      -- NULL (the beginning of the epoch is Thursday, the beginning of the week is 1969-12-29 that is beyond the limits)
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::StartOfWeek(Date("2019-01-01"))),
      -- 2018-12-31T00:00:00Z
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::StartOfDay(Datetime("2019-06-06T01:02:03Z"))),
      -- 2019-06-06T00:00:00Z
    DateTime::MakeTzDatetime(DateTime::StartOfDay(TzDatetime("1970-01-01T05:00:00,Europe/Moscow"))),
      -- NULL (beyond the epoch in GMT)
    DateTime::MakeTzTimestamp(DateTime::StartOfDay(TzTimestamp("1970-01-02T05:00:00.000000,Europe/Moscow"))),
      -- 1970-01-02T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow (the beginning of the day in Moscow)
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::StartOf(Datetime("2019-06-06T23:45:00Z"), Interval("PT7H"))),
      -- 2019-06-06T21:00:00Z
    DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::StartOf(Datetime("2019-06-06T23:45:00Z"), Interval("PT20M"))),
      -- 2019-06-06T23:40:00Z
    DateTime::TimeOfDay(Timestamp("2019-02-14T01:02:03.456789Z"));
      -- 1 hour 2 minutes 3 seconds 456789 microseconds

Shift...

Add/subtract the specified number of units to/from the component in the internal representation and update the other fields.
Returns either an updated copy or NULL, if an update produces an invalid date or other inconsistencies.

List of functions

• DateTime::ShiftYears(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, Int32) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::ShiftQuarters(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, Int32) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::ShiftMonths(Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}, Int32) -> Resource<TM>?

If the resulting number of the day in the month exceeds the maximum allowed, then the Day field will accept the last day of the month without changing the time (see examples).

Examples

$tm1 = DateTime::Split(DateTime("2019-01-31T01:01:01Z"));
$tm2 = DateTime::Split(TzDatetime("2049-05-20T12:34:50,Europe/Moscow"));

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftYears($tm1, 10)), -- 2029-01-31T01:01:01
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftYears($tm2, -10000)), -- NULL (beyond the limits)
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftQuarters($tm2, 0)), -- 2049-05-20T12:34:50,Europe/Moscow
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftQuarters($tm1, -3)), -- 2018-04-30T01:01:01
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftMonths($tm1, 1)), -- 2019-02-28T01:01:01
    DateTime::MakeDate(DateTime::ShiftMonths($tm1, -35)), -- 2016-02-29T01:01:01

Format

Get a string representation of a time using an arbitrary formatting string.

List of functions

• DateTime::Format(String, alwaysWriteFractionalSeconds:Bool?) -> (Resource<TM>{Flags:AutoMap}) -> String

A set of specifiers is implemented for the formatting string:

• %%: % character.
• %Y: 4-digit year.
• %m: 2-digit month.
• %d: 2-digit day.
• %H: 2-digit hour.
• %M: 2-digit minutes.
• %S: 2-digit seconds -- or xx.xxxxxx in the case of non-empty microseconds (only if alwaysWriteFractionalSeconds is not set to True).
• %z: +hhmm or -hhmm.
• %Z: IANA name of the timezone.
• %b: A short three-letter English name of the month (Jan).
• %B: A full English name of the month (January).

All other characters in the format string are passed on without changes.

Examples

$format = DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");

SELECT
    $format(DateTime::Split(TzDatetime("2019-01-01T01:02:03,Europe/Moscow")));
      -- "2019-01-01 01:02:03 Europe/Moscow"

Parse

Parse a string into an internal representation using an arbitrary formatting string. Default values are used for empty fields. If errors are raised, NULL is returned.

List of functions

• DateTime::Parse(String) -> (String{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?

Implemented specifiers:

• %%: the % character.
• %Y: 4-digit year (1970).
• %m: 2-digit month (1).
• %d: 2-digit day (1).
• %H: 2-digit hour (0).
• %M: 2-digit minutes (0).
• %S: Seconds (0), can also accept microseconds in the formats from xx. up to xx.xxxxxx
• %Z: The IANA name of the timezone (GMT).
• %b: A short three-letter case-insensitive English name of the month (Jan).
• %B: A full case-insensitive English name of the month (January).

Examples

$parse1 = DateTime::Parse("%H:%M:%S");
$parse2 = DateTime::Parse("%S");
$parse3 = DateTime::Parse("%m/%d/%Y");
$parse4 = DateTime::Parse("%Z");

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeDatetime($parse1("01:02:03")), -- 1970-01-01T01:02:03Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp($parse2("12.3456")), -- 1970-01-01T00:00:12.345600Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp($parse3("02/30/2000")), -- NULL (Feb 30)
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp($parse4("Canada/Central")); -- 1970-01-01T06:00:00Z (conversion to UTC)

For the common formats, wrappers around the corresponding util methods are supported. You can only get TM with components in the UTC timezone.

Parse specific formats

List of functions

• DateTime::ParseRfc822(String{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::ParseIso8601(String{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::ParseHttp(String{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?
• DateTime::ParseX509(String{Flags:AutoMap}) -> Resource<TM>?

Examples

SELECT
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::ParseRfc822("Fri, 4 Mar 2005 19:34:45 EST")),
      -- 2005-03-05T00:34:45Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::ParseIso8601("2009-02-14T02:31:30+0300")),
      -- 2009-02-13T23:31:30Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::ParseHttp("Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT")),
      -- 1994-11-06T08:49:37Z
    DateTime::MakeTimestamp(DateTime::ParseX509("20091014165533Z"))
      -- 2009-10-14T16:55:33Z

Standard scenarios

Conversions between strings and seconds

Converting a string date (in the Moscow timezone) to seconds (in GMT timezone):

$datetime_parse = DateTime::Parse("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S");
$datetime_parse_tz = DateTime::Parse("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");

SELECT
    DateTime::ToSeconds(TzDateTime("2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow")) AS md_us1, -- 1568581200
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime($datetime_parse_tz("2019-09-16 00:00:00" || " Europe/Moscow"))),  -- 1568581200
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime(DateTime::Update($datetime_parse("2019-09-16 00:00:00"), "Europe/Moscow" as Timezone))), -- 1568581200

    -- INCORRECT (Date imports time as GMT, but AddTimezone has no effect on ToSeconds that always returns GMT time)
    DateTime::ToSeconds(AddTimezone(Date("2019-09-16"), 'Europe/Moscow')) AS md_us2, -- 1568592000

Converting a string date (in the Moscow timezone) to seconds (in the Moscow timezone). DateTime::ToSeconds() exports only to GMT. That's why we should put timezones aside for a while and use only GMT (as if we assumed for a while that Moscow is in GMT):

$date_parse = DateTime::Parse("%Y-%m-%d");
$datetime_parse = DateTime::Parse("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S");
$datetime_parse_tz = DateTime::Parse("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");

SELECT
    DateTime::ToSeconds(Datetime("2019-09-16T00:00:00Z")) AS md_ms1, -- 1568592000
    DateTime::ToSeconds(Date("2019-09-16")) AS md_ms2, -- 1568592000
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime($date_parse("2019-09-16"))) AS md_ms3, -- 1568592000
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime($datetime_parse("2019-09-16 00:00:00"))) AS md_ms4, -- 1568592000
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime($datetime_parse_tz("2019-09-16 00:00:00 GMT"))) AS md_ms5, -- 1568592000

    -- INCORRECT (imports the time in the Moscow timezone, but RemoveTimezone doesn't affect ToSeconds in any way)
    DateTime::ToSeconds(RemoveTimezone(TzDatetime("2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow"))) AS md_ms6, -- 1568581200
    DateTime::ToSeconds(DateTime::MakeDatetime($datetime_parse_tz("2019-09-16 00:00:00 Europe/Moscow"))) AS md_ms7 -- 1568581200

Converting seconds (in the GMT timezone) to a string date (in the Moscow timezone):

$date_format = DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");
SELECT
    $date_format(AddTimezone(DateTime::FromSeconds(1568592000), 'Europe/Moscow')) -- "2019-09-16 03:00:00 Europe/Moscow"

Converting seconds (in the Moscow timezone) to a string date (in the Moscow timezone). In this case, the %Z timezone is output for reference: usually, it's not needed because it's "GMT" and might mislead you.

$date_format = DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");
SELECT
    $date_format(DateTime::FromSeconds(1568592000)) -- "2019-09-16 00:00:00 GMT"

Converting seconds (in the GMT timezone) to three-letter days of the week (in the Moscow timezone):

SELECT
    SUBSTRING(DateTime::GetDayOfWeekName(AddTimezone(DateTime::FromSeconds(1568581200), "Europe/Moscow")), 0, 3) -- "Mon"

Date and time formatting

Usually a separate named expression is used to format time, but you can do without it:

$date_format = DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z");

SELECT

   -- A variant with a named expression

   $date_format(AddTimezone(DateTime::FromSeconds(1568592000), 'Europe/Moscow')),

   -- A variant without a named expression

   DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z")
       (AddTimezone(DateTime::FromSeconds(1568592000), 'Europe/Moscow'))
;

Converting types

This way, you can convert only constants:

SELECT
    TzDateTime("2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow"), -- 2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow
    Date("2019-09-16") -- 2019-09-16

But this way, you can convert a constant, a named expression, or a table field:

SELECT
    CAST("2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow" AS TzDateTime), -- 2019-09-16T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow
    CAST("2019-09-16" AS Date) -- 2019-09-16

Converting time to date

A CAST to Date or TzDate outputs a GMT date for a midnight, local time (for example, for Moscow time 2019-10-22 00:00:00, the date 2019-10-21 is returned). To get a date in the local timezone, you can use DateTime::Format.

$x = DateTime("2019-10-21T21:00:00Z");
SELECT
    AddTimezone($x, "Europe/Moscow"), -- 2019-10-22T00:00:00,Europe/Moscow
    cast($x as TzDate), -- 2019-10-21,GMT
    cast(AddTimezone($x, "Europe/Moscow") as TzDate), -- 2019-10-21,Europe/Moscow
    cast(AddTimezone($x, "Europe/Moscow") as Date), -- 2019-10-21
  DateTime::Format("%Y-%m-%d %Z")(AddTimezone($x, "Europe/Moscow")), -- 2019-10-22 Europe/Moscow

It's worth mentioning that several TzDatetime or TzTimestamp values with a positive timezone offset cannot be cast to TzDate. Consider the example below:

SELECT CAST(TzDatetime("1970-01-01T23:59:59,Europe/Moscow") as TzDate);
/* Fatal: Timestamp 1970-01-01T23:59:59.000000,Europe/Moscow cannot be casted to TzDate */

Starting from the Unix epoch, there is no valid value representing midnight on 01/01/1970 for the Europe/Moscow timezone. As a result, such a cast is impossible and fails at runtime.

At the same time, values with a negative timezone offset are converted correctly:

SELECT CAST(TzDatetime("1970-01-01T23:59:59,America/Los_Angeles") as TzDate);
/* 1970-01-01,America/Los_Angeles */

Daylight saving time

Please note that daylight saving time depends on the year:

SELECT
    RemoveTimezone(TzDatetime("2019-09-16T10:00:00,Europe/Moscow")) as DST1, -- 2019-09-16T07:00:00Z
    RemoveTimezone(TzDatetime("2008-12-03T10:00:00,Europe/Moscow")) as DST2, -- 2008-12-03T07:00:00Z
    RemoveTimezone(TzDatetime("2008-07-03T10:00:00,Europe/Moscow")) as DST3, -- 2008-07-03T06:00:00Z (DST)