GROUP BY
Group the SELECT
results by the values of the specified columns or expressions. GROUP BY
is often combined with aggregate functions (COUNT
, MAX
, MIN
, SUM
, AVG
) to perform calculations in each group.
Syntax
SELECT -- In SELECT, you can use:
column1, -- key columns specified in GROUP BY
key_n, -- named expressions specified in GROUP BY
column1 + key_n, -- arbitrary non-aggregate functions on them
Aggr_Func1( column2 ), -- aggregate functions containing any columns as arguments,
Aggr_Func2( key_n + column2 ), -- including named expressions specified in GROUP BY
...
FROM table
GROUP BY
column1, column2, ...,
<expr> AS key_n -- When grouping by expression, you can set a name for it using AS,
-- and use it in SELECT
The query in the format SELECT * FROM table GROUP BY k1, k2, ...
returns all columns listed in GROUP BY, i.e., is equivalent to SELECT DISTINCT k1, k2, ... FROM table
.
An asterisk can also be used as an argument for the COUNT
aggregate function. COUNT(*)
means "the count of rows in the group".
Note
Aggregate functions ignore NULL
in their arguments, except for COUNT
.
YQL also provides aggregation factories implemented by the functions AGGREGATION_FACTORY
and AGGREGATE_BY
.
Examples
SELECT key, COUNT(*) FROM my_table
GROUP BY key;
SELECT double_key, COUNT(*) FROM my_table
GROUP BY key + key AS double_key;
SELECT
double_key, -- OK: A key column
COUNT(*) AS group_size, -- OK: COUNT(*)
SUM(key + subkey) AS sum1, -- OK: An aggregate function
CAST(SUM(1 + 2) AS String) AS sum2, -- OK: An aggregate function with a constant argument
SUM(SUM(1) + key) AS sum3, -- ERROR: Nested aggregations are not allowed
key AS k1, -- ERROR: Using a non-key column named key without aggregation
key * 2 AS dk1, -- ERROR in YQL: using a non-key column named key without aggregation
FROM my_table
GROUP BY
key * 2 AS double_key,
subkey as sk,
Warning
Specifying a name for a column or expression in GROUP BY .. AS foo
it is an extension on top of YQL. Such a name becomes visible in WHERE
despite the fact that filtering by WHERE
is executed before the grouping. For example, if the T
table includes two columns, foo
and bar
, then the query SELECT foo FROM T WHERE foo > 0 GROUP BY bar AS foo
would actually filter data by the bar
column from the source table.
GROUP BY ... SessionWindow()
YQL supports grouping by session. To standard expressions in GROUP BY
, you can add a special SessionWindow
function:
SELECT
user,
session_start,
SessionStart() AS same_session_start, -- It's same as session_start
COUNT(*) AS session_size,
SUM(value) AS sum_over_session,
FROM my_table
GROUP BY user, SessionWindow(<time_expr>, <timeout_expr>) AS session_start
The following happens in this case:
-
The input table is partitioned by the grouping keys specified in
GROUP BY
, ignoring SessionWindow (in this case, it's based onuser
).If
GROUP BY
includes nothing more than SessionWindow, then the input table gets into one partition. -
Each partition is split into disjoint subsets of rows (sessions).
For this, the partition is sorted in the ascending order of the
time_expr
expression.
The session limits are drawn between neighboring items of the partition, that differ in theirtime_expr
values by more thantimeout_expr
. -
The sessions obtained in this way are the final partitions on which aggregate functions are calculated.
The SessionWindow()
key column (in the example, it's session_start
) has the value "the minimum time_expr
in the session".
If GROUP BY
includes SessionWindow(), you can use a special aggregate function
SessionStart.
An extended version of SessionWindow with four arguments is also supported:
SessionWindow(<order_expr>, <init_lambda>, <update_lambda>, <calculate_lambda>)
Where:
<order_expr>
: An expression used to sort the source partition<init_lambda>
: A lambda function to initialize the state of session calculation. It has the signature(TableRow())->State
. It's called once for the first (following the sorting order) element of the source partition<update_lambda>
: A lambda function to update the status of session calculation and define the session limits. It has the signature(TableRow(), State)->Tuple<Bool, State>
. It's called for every item of the source partition, except the first one. The new value of state is calculated based on the current row of the table and the previous state. If the first item in the return tuple isTrue
, then a new session starts from the current row. The key of the new session is obtained by applying<calculate_lambda>
to the second item in the tuple.<calculate_lambda>
: A lambda function for calculating the session key (the "value" of SessionWindow() that is also accessible via SessionStart()). The function has the signature(TableRow(), State)->SessionKey
. It's called for the first item in the partition (after<init_lambda>
) and those items for which<update_lambda>
has returnedTrue
in the first item in the tuple. Please note that to start a new session, you should make sure that<calculate_lambda>
has returned a value different from the previous session key. Sessions having the same keys are not merged. For example, if<calculate_lambda>
returns the sequence0, 1, 0, 1
, then there will be four different sessions.
Using the extended version of SessionWindow, you can, for example, do the following: divide a partition into sessions, as in the SessionWindow use case with two arguments, but with the maximum session length limited by a certain constant:
Example
$max_len = 1000; -- is the maximum session length.
$timeout = 100; -- is the timeout (timeout_expr in a simplified version of SessionWindow).
$init = ($row) -> (AsTuple($row.ts, $row.ts)); -- is the session status: tuple from 1) value of the temporary column ts in the session's first line and 2) in the current line
$update = ($row, $state) -> {
$is_end_session = $row.ts - $state.0 > $max_len OR $row.ts - $state.1 > $timeout;
$new_state = AsTuple(IF($is_end_session, $row.ts, $state.0), $row.ts);
return AsTuple($is_end_session, $new_state);
};
$calculate = ($row, $state) -> ($row.ts);
SELECT
user,
session_start,
SessionStart() AS same_session_start, -- It's same as session_start
COUNT(*) AS session_size,
SUM(value) AS sum_over_session,
FROM my_table
GROUP BY user, SessionWindow(ts, $init, $update, $calculate) AS session_start
You can use SessionWindow
in GROUP BY
only once.
ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS
The results of calculating the aggregate function as subtotals for the groups and overall totals over individual columns or whole table.
Syntax
SELECT
c1, c2, -- the columns to group by
AGGREGATE_FUNCTION(c3) AS outcome_c -- an aggregate function (SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY
GROUP_BY_EXTENSION(c1, c2) -- an extension of GROUP BY: ROLLUP, CUBE, or GROUPING SETS
ROLLUP
groups the column values in the order they are listed in the arguments (strictly from left to right), generates subtotals for each group and the overall total.CUBE
groups the values for every possible combination of columns, generates the subtotals for each group and the overall total.GROUPING SETS
sets the groups for subtotals.
You can combine ROLLUP
, CUBE
and GROUPING SETS
, separating them by commas.
GROUPING
The values of columns not used in calculations are replaced with NULL
in the subtotal. In the overall total, the values of all columns are replaced by NULL
. GROUPING
: A function that allows you to distinguish the source NULL
values from the NULL
values added while calculating subtotals and overall totals.
GROUPING
returns a bit mask:
0
: IfNULL
is used for the original empty value.1
: IfNULL
is added for a subtotal or overall total.
Example
SELECT
column1,
column2,
column3,
CASE GROUPING(
column1,
column2,
column3,
)
WHEN 1 THEN "Subtotal: column1 and column2"
WHEN 3 THEN "Subtotal: column1"
WHEN 4 THEN "Subtotal: column2 and column3"
WHEN 6 THEN "Subtotal: column3"
WHEN 7 THEN "Grand total"
ELSE "Individual group"
END AS subtotal,
COUNT(*) AS rows_count
FROM my_table
GROUP BY
ROLLUP(
column1,
column2,
column3
),
GROUPING SETS(
(column2, column3),
(column3)
-- if you add here (column2) as well, then together
-- the ROLLUP and GROUPING SETS would produce a result
-- similar to CUBE
)
;
DISTINCT
Applying aggregate functions only to distinct values of the column.
Note
Applying DISTINCT
to calculated values is not currently implemented. For this purpose, you can use a subquery or the expression GROUP BY ... AS ...
.
Example
SELECT
key,
COUNT (DISTINCT value) AS count -- top 3 keys by the number of unique values
FROM my_table
GROUP BY key
ORDER BY count DESC
LIMIT 3;
You can also use DISTINCT
to fetch distinct rows using SELECT DISTINCT
.
GROUP COMPACT BY
Improves aggregation efficiency if the query author knows in advance that none of aggregation keys finds large amounts of data (i.e., with the order of magnitude exceeding a gigabyte or a million of rows). If this assumption fails to materialize, then the operation may fail with Out of Memory error or start running much slower compared to the non-COMPACT version.
Unlike the usual GROUP BY, the Map-side combiner stage and additional Reduce are disabled for each field with DISTINCT aggregation.
Example
SELECT
key,
COUNT (DISTINCT value) AS count -- top 3 keys by the number of unique values
FROM my_table
GROUP COMPACT BY key
ORDER BY count DESC
LIMIT 3;
HAVING
Filtering a SELECT
based on the calculation results of aggregate functions. The syntax is similar to WHERE.
Example
SELECT
key
FROM my_table
GROUP BY key
HAVING COUNT(value) > 100;